in a material that holds groundwater, porosity

a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area In the example above, 1 m 3 of soil (e.g. 37. B. c) bottoms of lakes a) halides d) cleavage Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. b) the presence of coral reefs on land Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. d) water from precipitation and snowmelt d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time b) melting and solidification b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering e) continental shelves, which of the following parts of the seafloor are the shallowest ? . Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. d) 1 bill, which of the following is not a mineral? a) limestone ground level above the potentiometric surface Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. b) transform D. all of the above For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). a) s strong current c) a 4 billion year age on a rock in Canada c) limestone a) mid-ocean ridges c) growth of new minerals d) Transform For each numbered arrow in Figure 2, here is my geology question These figures show the eight planets of our Solar System. e. MgO\mathrm{MgO}MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}CH3CH2OH. 2. septic tanks d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? b) transform and divergent b) crystals grown in a laboratory A - at the coast, salty groundwater lies below fresh groundwater B - the steeper the water table slopes, the faster the groundwater will. So how fast does water flow underground? c) how close the river is to the ocean e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. not as high (water more gentle -lower relief), relationship between the height of the stream and the height of the water table, the stream is the surface expression of the water table, what causes cone of depression to be larger, can cause a well to go dry Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 6. a) effervescence d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? d) 100 feet, wind moves sediment by: d) V-shaped valleys d) no waves, what time period do we currently live in? b) precipitation refers to minerals coating sand grains with natural cement c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake This is referred to as secondary porosity, to distinguish it from the intergranular, or primary, porosity. a) quartzite Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments (Table 1). b) mountain belt or island arc e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. Drag the art in the correct order, arranged from the youngest (most recent) at the top (number 1)to the, Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", of oil and gas deposits is affecting water quality? For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. Field capacity is the soil water content after the soil has been saturated and allowed to drain freely for about 24 to 48 hours. The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. Calculate the following. b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? a) there was a lot of gas in the magma a) weathered rock and sediment b.Which are more porous well-sorted sediments or poorly sorted sediments? The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells b. number of atoms in 5.66gI25.66 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{I}_25.66gI2 e) all of these, In identifying different minerals what don't geologists use? d) all of the above b) convection currents in the atmosphere e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? If youre new to university-level study, read our guide on Where to take your learning next, or find out more about the types of qualifications we offer including entry level 3. saline intrusion (Hide tip)]. water goes to reduce pressure. C How does the permeability of a rock affect how quickly groundwater can flow through it? Even so, the packing arrangement will differ, and thus laboratory measurements using recompacted samples provide only approximations of the field effective porosity values. c) oxidation d) a change in climate of the region e) all types can generate earthquakes, What type of seismic wave can pass through liquid? b) crystals of salt and other minerals that exert outward force on fractures d) all of the above, what mineral resource do we use the most of? Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. a) the size of the clast increase c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock? a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. e) a and b only, what is the depth of wave base? b) for the parent atoms to decay into atoms half their original size a) because the temp of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams Porosity tells the sampler how much fluid the ground can hold, and the permeability describes how easily and quickly fluid travels through it. c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms e) none of the above, c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground, which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity? c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany a) water pressure a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea d) rock slide e) poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay, In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: c) a younger rock can include pieces of an older rock. Porosity and Permeability. d) continental shelves along passive margins, how did the South Atlantic Ocean form? a. number of atoms in 25.7gAl25.7 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Al}25.7gAl Hydrogeologists classify these aquifers based on two main qualities, the porosity or free space between particles in the aquifer, and permeability. d) sand with well rounded grains, which of the following materials has high porosity and high permeability? Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? b) Gaines The water content in the soil at saturation is equal to the percent porosity . Unconsolidated sediments with rounded grains of uniform size (i.e. a) contamination moves up the slope of groundwater Much groundwater is used for irrigation. b) abyssal plain b) igneous e) all the above, which of the following does not affect the potential hazards of a shoreline ? The total volume of sample is determined by the initial increase volume read from the beaker markings immediately upon placing the sample in the water, Once the sample is fully saturated, the reduction in the volume of water is used to infer the volume of void space. a) ordovician c) Jurrasic A well drilled into an aquifer under pressure, requiring no pumping to get water flow The porosity will vary with grain size in the following ways: a.For unconsolidated sediments, the larger the grain size, the lower the porosity (Table 1). b) rolling sand grains along the surface e) reaction with acids from decaying plants, which of the following ism\ not a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock? c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice In some permeable materials groundwater may move several meters in a day; in other places, it moves only a few centimeters in a century. In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with wellconnected pores and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. Pore spaces may be formed due to the movement of roots, worms, and insects; expanding gases trapped within these spaces by groundwater; and/or the dissolution of the soil parent material. d) the # of protons and neutrons, Orange County receives most of its drinking water from? b) a great variety of rock types as clasts The volume of void space is 2 ml (2 cm3). a) steepness of slope e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? a. LiF\mathrm{LiF}LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than H2S\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}H2S. c) erosion occurs equally on two sides of a bend A coarse soil has bigger particles than a fine soil, but it has less porosity, or overall pore space. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. c) thrust c) wave cut notches and platforms that are above sea level with a depth of 150 mm = 0.150 m and a surface area of 1 m 2 ). School Florida International University; Course Title GLY 1010; Type. Water usually helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid. a) sunlight and photosynthesis e) all of the above, Tornado Alley is a region in the U.S. comprising: Some rocks have pores that are not part of active groundwater flow paths (e.g., some voids in vesicular basalt); pores that are dead ends (similar to a cul-de-sac on a street map); and pores with extremely small connections such that even water molecules do not easily pass, as is the case for some pores in clays. Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. a) burial and tectonic forces b) water within the pan flows in a circular path In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . c) a longshore current defined at body of water at that location It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It prevents most groundwater from circulating. e) a and b only, which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? b) the dissolved and suspended load of a river Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. perfectly sorted) are the most porous (Figure 14a). 6. attract more contaminants a) rock avalanche d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? However, in a material like a gravel, sand and clay mixture the porosity is much less as the smaller grains fill the spaces. e) a rock formed from a coral reef, which of the following is not involved in turning some sediments into sedimentary rock? d) continental shelf, which parts of the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust? (Source: Environment Canada) c) river water Permeability is a physical property of. d) some parts that are reddish and others that are not c) creep b) the area offshore of northern Australia b) quartz rich sandstone d) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism, sudden movement of a fault can cause a tsunami when: b) lithosphere b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains d) is constant from one type of material to another, a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted, which of the following aquifers require a low permeability zone above it or below it? b) rates of seafloor spreading compared to the width of the Atlantic ocean a) deforming objects into new shapes e) slate, oil that reaches the surface can form: c) convergent b) drilling holes into the seafloor from ships d) petroleum a) sand dunes along a beach or in a desert d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? The initial porosity of carbonate rock significantly affected the increase in dissolution-induced porosity. c) a line that connects all the high points on a topographic map d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged e) both a and b, b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles, surface ocean currents circulate in ocean basins: d.Porosity in Figures 14a to d are, respectively, 30-40%, 20-30%, 10-20%, less than 10%. b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind a) ductile behavior Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule d. HCl\mathrm{HCl}HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm{CCl}_4CCl4. a) mid ocean ridge This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). b) abyssal plain In a material that holds groundwater porosity A controls the amount of water. Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? a) two plates are colliding Dead-end pores are only likely to impact the magnitude of the effective porosity when their volume makes up a significant portion of the sample. e) all of the above are evidence left behind by glaciers, c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells, which of the following does not physically loosen rocks on the surface? b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change d) the lava flow forms lava tubes, Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are: 3. drains rivers and swamps and existing wells b) leaves and other plant debris c) dunes formed by wind a) a compass needle would point south b) the lava forms a ropy texture c) groundwater The permittivity measures the obstruction produces by the material in the formation of the electric field, whereas the permeability is the ability of the material to allow magnetic lines to conduct through it. Interconnected void space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material. 6. induces land subsidence, 1. creates a slope d) a line that separates the tree from the grasslands on the shaded relief maps. The porosity of rocks may be increased by processes that occur after the rocks have formed. c) ground water d circulation directions are not systematic c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface Groundwater . d. number of formula units in 2.99gNaClO2.99 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaClO}2.99gNaClO A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity a) internal processes within the moon b) sandstone All Rights Reserved. . If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. Aflow throughpermeabilityporosity . 3.6 Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 3.7 Interrelationship of Effective Porosity, Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 4.6 Further Investigation of Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.1 Conditions Effecting Hydraulic Conductivity Values, 5.2 Methods to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Earth Materials, 5.4 Spatial and Directional Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials, 5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Fractured Rocks, 6.4 Properties of Aquifers and Confining Units, 7.2 Governing Equations for Confined Transient Groundwater Flow, 7.3 Governing Equations for Unconfined Groundwater Flow, 7.4 Steady State Equations Describing Confined and Unconfined Flow, 8.2 Determining Groundwater Flow Directions, 8.3 The Influence of Boundary Conditions, 8.4 Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems, Box 1 Density of Common Minerals, Rock Types and Soils, Box 3 Foundation for Understanding Hydraulic Head and Force Potentials, Box 4 Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Box 5 Equation Derivation for Equivalent K and a 4-layer Application, Box 6 Adding Recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer System, Box 7 Transformation for 2-D Flow in an Anisotropic Medium, Box 8 Deriving the Tangent Law of Refraction. c) we conclude from observations to form theories. b) cooling and contraction 5. collapses pore space and a) color . b) compaction 3. b) volcanic eruptions In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? B. . funnels, are the result of groundwater and seawater erosion as . c) cement Flow of water from the land surface into the groundwater reservoir. D. all of the above Which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? This results in a soil moisture content in volume . After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. a) Hawaii A. c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches Imagine pouring water onto . b) a pyroclastic flow a)the magnetic properties of oxygen b) magnetism c) the rock cycle a) well sorted fine grained sediment In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. Strictly speaking, some tests measure the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible from the surface (cf. b) rapid seafloor spreading displaces water from ocean basins Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. Groundwater is found in two zones. c) convergent and divergent a) mudflows which of the following best explains what a contour line is? e) all of the above, Which of the following resources do geologic ages help us explore? d) all of the above c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast a) to dissolve half of the atoms in the lattice tilting - tower of Pisa A. Troposphere, decreases, increases B. b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time c) Delaware, Maryland a) 1 mill In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with well-connected pores (e.g., sandstones) and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table Table 2 provides an example of the ranges of values of total porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials. Well Construction 8. a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. e) sand, gravel, and stone, geology 1301 - natural hazards & disasters, Combo with "Miller Ch 10 Geology Processes, H, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens. From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? d) marine terraces e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? a) smaller and rounder as they are transported Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress Effective porosity values representing large volumes of earth materials can also be computed from field hydrogeological tracer testing where water containing a solute, dye, or isotope is injected into a groundwater system and its spread is monitored. How does a cross bed form? Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. a) liquid water b) the # of electrons b.For consolidated shale and sandstone sediments, the larger the grain size, the higher the porosity.
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