meat packing industry problems in the early 1900s

These problems persist to a lesser degree today. It spread through acres of stockyards, feed lots, slaughterhouses, and meat-processing plants. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Meat Inspection Act was passed in the United States in 1906. The idea of a persons hands actually becoming pickled is beyond understanding. Congress in 1916 passed a law mandating a grading system to classify different types, cuts, and qualities of meat that consumers could use to make educated purchasing decisions. Chicago meatpackers understood that to survive they also needed to sell their products in the European market. The bridge between those living, feeling animals and the shrink-wrapped steaks and drive-thru cheeseburgers that Americans gobble up by the ton is the meat-processing industry. Most importantly, the rent was affordable. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste-barrels. Working at meatpacking houses was dangerous because of accidents, as well as potential worker diseases. In a 1999 Bureau of Labor Statistics report, meatpacking was determined to be the most dangerous occupation in America. Americas many >stockyards were known to be filthy, and a breeding ground for diseased meat. Required fields are marked *. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In graphic detail, the book chronicled the dangerous, cruel, and filthy world where Americas meat was processed, shedding light on the plight of the impoverished and largely immigrant workers who toiled in them for what Sinclair called wage slavery. The book did for the meatpacking industry what Uncle Toms Cabin did for abolitionism a half-century before. and more. As part of the USDA, the BAI was tasked with preventing sick animals from entering the U.S. food supply. Where was the Meat Inspection Act passed? 70 lessons. In the beginning he had been fresh and strong, and he had gotten a job Updates? By the 1870s, meatpacking plants were using technology like steam power, monorail trolleys, and mechanical mixers, choppers, and stuffers in factory settings where stationary workers doing individual jobs broke down and processed animal carcasses that continuously passed by them. It provided oversight, prohibited unlawful practices, made pricing structures more transparent, and stoked competition. You may also like: Best big college towns in America. The 1905 story about the Chicago meatpacking industry that inspired Upton Sinclair's . The committee declared such common meat preservatives as borax, salicylic acid, and formaldehyde to be unwholesome. The press also reported from the committees hearings that some of the nations food supply was adulteratedmade impure by the addition of foreign or inferior substances. Dictionary of American History. Where craft unions like Amalgamated gained power partly by limiting who could get a joboften along racial linesthe UPWA tried to reduce the companys ability to divide workers by race. Until the U.S. Meat Inspection Act was authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture in 1906, meat-slaughtering and meat-packaging factories were storehouses for germs and disease. Meatpacking plants have become distinct hotspots for coronavirus outbreaks, putting a spotlight on the generally awful conditions and low wages that these plants have offered workers, even before the virus. Although most of the infections described were ghastly, they generally did not lead to death. The two unions merged in 1968, and in 1979 they became part of the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW), which also represents a much larger bloc of retail workers. Imagine working 10 to 15 hours a day dragging animal carcasses in and out of warm air into refrigerated cooler units, and doing this for days, weeks. Some infected workers just continued handling and contaminating the meat despite their hands essentially being pickled, and, as long as they could stand it. The houses in Packingtown were built terribly, and a lot of them were falling apart like the family's. Rationing, price controls, and new production standards were implementedand for the first time in history, women dominated the meat-processing labor force. Despite the widespread use of brining or salting meat, some of the processed meat was not always properly preserved. There were 85,000 pigs being processed there annually by 1833; by 1850, Cincinnati earned the nickname Porkopolis., You may also like: The best school district in every state. interested in Chicago's meat industry and related public health issues. A young entrepreneur named Henry Ford was so inspired by the process when he visited a meat plant that he used the concept for the basis of his automobile assembly lines. No, , of course not! On Aug. 11, 1919, two former high school football rivals named Earl Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun organized a football team of their own. That year, the Spanish governor of Louisiana asked neighboring Texas to send cattle to feed his troops fighting on the front. One of the most prolific and important writers in American history, Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906. However, in the decades since, the power of unions has whittled away in the United States. Many of the meats were rancid, rat infested, and bacteria filled. While workers unionized and went on strike to demand better conditions, employers used to divide and conquer tactics to win these struggles. It also mandated strict inspections for all imported meat. It was the meatpacking industry itself which pursued the government to bring about federal legislation and regulation to their business. His novel, The Jungle (1906), a shocking expos of the unsanitary and dangerous conditions in the plants, was an immediate best-seller and incited President Roosevelt to enact a series of food safety laws. Your email address will not be published. The skin would split and open, sometimes all the way to the bone. Arguably, the job with the highest risk of death belonged to the men working in the massive carcass coolers. On April 10, 2001, the Washington Post printed a front-page story with the headline They Die Piece by Piece. Harkening back to Sinclairs The Jungle, the article chronicled in graphic detail appalling and widespread instances of animals commonly and regularly being chopped apart at the joints, bled to death, skinned, disemboweled, dunked in tanks of boiling water, and strung up by a single leg while alive and fully conscious, after being improperly stunned or not stunned at all. All Rights Reserved. Privacy Policy Contact Us Before that, meat bound for market in trucks was cooled with icebut ice was expensive, drivers had to stop frequently to refresh it, and if the ice melted, the meat spoiled and the shipment was lost. Ivy Roberts has taught undergraduate-level film studies for over 9 years. Roosevelt had seen enough, and in 1906, he muscled Congress into passing the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA), which he signed the very same year that Sinclair published The Jungle. It mandated strictly regulated sanitary conditions for before, during, and after the slaughter of animals, made it a crime to sell misbranded or adulterated cattle, and charged the USDA with conducting meticulous inspections. The Senate then formed the Pure-Food Investigating Committee, which held hearings in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and New York City from 1899 to 1900. In 2010, the USDA and U.S. Justice Department heard testimony about a massive and widespread consolidation in the meat industrydetractors called it a conspiratorial monopolizationthat witnessed countless small farms and ranches gobbled up by just a few industry giants. Upton Sinclair was written the most famous muckraker documents. Immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, and Bohemia settled in large numbers in Chicago to work in this industry, helping create the neighboring town, Packingtown. The broadest public attention to the Chicago packinghouses came with the work of Upton Sinclair. 17, No. By early 1906 both the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act had long been stalled in Congress, but, when the Neill-Reynolds report had fully confirmed Sinclairs charges, Roosevelt used the threat of disclosing its contents to speed along the passage of both acts, which became law on the same day. This issue was a common in the meat packing industry in the United States. With World War I in the history books, President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 ordered the FTC to conduct a thorough investigation of the meatpacking industry. There was no market for beef in the decimated Southern economy, but demand was rampant in the North, where ranchers could get 10 times more for a head of cattle than they could in the Southif only they could get their longhorns to the Yankee markets. Additionally, the meatpacking industry employs a large number of undocumented immigrants. Pickled hands? The 1939 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act finally gave teeth to those reforms by giving the FDA the authority to regulate, monitor, and enforce safety and quality standards for food and drugs produced, sold, and consumed in the U.S. You may also like: Where America sends its planes and 25 other manufacturing exports. ITHAKA. These scientific discoveries and the resulting public health policies, such as food fortification . She has a PhD in Media, Art and Text from Virginia Commonwealth University and a BA in film production from Marlboro College. Sadly, there are numerous accounts of the premature deaths of the workers. Background In 1742, Brighton Market, located near Boston, held the first meat auction in the colonies. Another issue was that the health inspections were not as serious as they were supposed to be for sanitary control. Why did David Clark lead a successful campaign to keep kids working in the early 20th century? The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 applied the same standards to foods and drugs, notably banning the unsafe preservatives used to keep meat looking fresh. The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 forced meatpackers to be honest with their product labeling and to create sanitary preparation conditions. With demand soaring in Americas ever-expanding cities, enormous slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants emerged in Midwestern hubs like Chicago, Milwaukee, and Kansas City that were situated between the vast cattle ranches in the West and the densely populated cities that generated demand in the East. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Men prepare bacon at a meat packing plant in Chicago, circa 1955. Over the 1950s, the UPWA gained strength thanks largely to its leadership on civil rights. 1900's the meat packing industry had not regulations of any kind. Since many ate the meat produced in these factories, unsanitary conditions brought illness to consumers. The Jungle. The not so lucky ones died. And, they felt it was time to drive them out of business. Animals were shipped there from all over the country, leaving as meat products that fed people across the globe. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). The novel was an instant international best seller and prompted massive public outrage at the contamination and sanitation issues raised in the work, even though Sinclairs primary intent in writing the story was to promote socialism. Workers' attempts to make unions were met with intimidation. Of those journalists, American writer Charles Edward Russell is perhaps best known, for his series of articles about the Beef Trust that were published as The Greatest Trust in the World (1905). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/conditions-meatpacking-plants-1906-upton-sinclair, Muckrakers, The: Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell. These so-called dis-assembly lines allowed for fast, consistent, and efficient processing. 22 Feb. 2023 . Using news reports, historical accounts, industry timelines, and other sources, Stacker chronicled the history of the American meat-processing industry, the largest segment of the United States agriculture sector by far. Stacker believes in making the worlds data more accessible through In 1927, that agency was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration, which in 1931 became the Food and Drug Administration. Poultry is generally not included. By the 1880s, the European meat markets closed their doors to imported American meat. Packingtown was notorious for their awful living conditions and working conditions. He stamped his barrels with the initials U.S. for United States, but playing on Wilsons first name, soldiers joked that the provisions came from Uncle Sam. The name stuck and has forever since been synonymous with the federal government. Also like The Jungle, the article sparked widespread outrage, raised mainstream awareness of animal cruelty at factory farms, and sparked boycotts of fast-food companies driving much of the demand. The UFCW adopted a less militant stance. Then, in 1877, two men named Joel Tiffany and Andrew Chase secured patents that made the dream of a refrigerated railroad car a realitycattle could now be transported live to Chicago, slaughtered, and processed into meat, before being shipped to Eastern cities without spoiling at any time of year. The beef industry struggled during World War II as the government regulated virtually every aspect of the industry. These bacteria, along with the others, caused serious illneses, and like the others, in many cases death. They were packing filthy meat for human consumption. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Corrections? Meat Inspection Act of 1906, U.S. legislation, signed by Pres. The working conditions in the meat packing industry during the early 1900's was primal and barbaric. To add to the misery, the Stockyards were surrounded by the citys dumps. Strapped for cash, Lambeaua worker at a meatpacking plantasked his employer, the Indian Packing Company, for funds to pay for equipment and uniforms. The working conditions during the early 1900s were terrible because workers were unable to challenge their employers and the government was, at first, unwilling to do anything to address the problem. The meatpacking industry is designed and set up so that consumers don't have to think about where their food comes from. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. It was also an extension of the control the meat packers had over their workers. Along the way, the meat-processing industry served as a driving force in the rise of the railroad industry, the labor movement, trucking, and transportation. The fate of the Western open range, the cattle barons whose fortunes were built on it, and the iconic cowboys who did the hard work of driving cattle for endless miles was sealed in 1867 with the arrival of one of historys most low-tech but consequential inventions: barbed wire. 2020 reporting from ProPublica and other organizations revealed a concerted campaign from the highest levels of the industry to downplay the crisis, stymie testing efforts, resist reforms and safety measures, and misreport infection rates. There are a few guidelines and That comes from 2.2 million sheep and lambs, 32.2 million cattle and calves, 121 million hogs, 242 million turkeys, and an astonishing 9 billion chickensagain thats the number of animals whose lives are sacrificed for human consumption every single year in the U.S. alone. One of the most influential books Zi remember reading was the book of Upton Sinclair, The Jungle. Originally founded as an agrarian society, the early U.S. was made up largely of small- and medium-sized farms where animals roamed freelythat all changed when farmers and ranchers began fencing in their animals with barbed wire in the late 19th century. The biggest concern, however, was whether or not the live cow or hog was diseased before it went to the processing plant. You may also like: The most educated county in every state. After the skin turned red, it then hardened and cracked. The garbage stench, and the smellfrom the vile waste of the meatpacking plants, that floated down the Chicago river, had to be overbearing. In doing so, youre agreeing to the below guidelines. JSTOR, the JSTOR logo, and ITHAKA are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was a piece of U.S. legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured sanitary slaughtering and processing of livestock. This drove the government to pass the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906, which forced meatpackers to increase sanitation, and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which applied higher standards to the food and drug industry. Together with the nearby housing area where the workers lived, this part of Chicago was known as Packingtown. Between the 1960s and 1980s, the wages of meat-slaughter and -processing workers remained significantly higher than the average in nondurable manufacturing. However, with the Industrial Revolution came new systems of labor. It was January 12, 1909, and the weather in Chicago was typical freezing cold, and the wind coming off the Chicago river was harsh. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A federal agency called the Bureau of Chemistry was charged with enforcing the sweeping reforms that came with the landmark 1906 Federal Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. The Industrial Revolution influenced nearly every part of the economy, including agriculture and the food industry. There was money to be made both at home, as well as overseas. What Book Exposed Abuses in the 1900s US Meatpacking Industry? Force was also an option: the police often came to the aid of the industrialists. Between the Homestead Act, the arrival of the railroads, and an endless crisscrossing of impenetrable barbed wire, the open range was doomed and the meatpacking industry entered into the modern era. Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Meatpacking plants have become distinct hotspots for coronavirus outbreaks, putting a spotlight on the generally awful conditions and low wages that these plants have offered workers, even before the virus. The Europeans claimed that the meat caused pleuro-pneumonia and cholera. The FTC issued a report stating that five companiesWilson, Swift, Morris, Cudahy, and Armourcontrolled virtually the entire industry and acted as a monopoly. That year, cattle ranchers countered by forming the National Live Stock Growers Association, which would later become the National Cattlemens Beef Association (NCBA). copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In 1897, the American Federation of Labor chartered the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America, a combined union of several meatpacker unions in Chicago. In response to the public outcry in the wake of The Jungle, President Theodore Roosevelt commissioned Charles P. Neill and James Bronson Reynolds to investigate the claims made by Sinclair, which Roosevelt suspected the author might have embellished to advance his socialist agenda. Making profits initially relied upon two major things cheap labor, and the absence of any type of regulation. The update required meat producers overseas to meet or exceed USDA standards in how their animals were killed to be eligible for import to the U.S. So, the meatpackers union was defeated through strategies of divide and conquer. For one thing, child labor benefited his interests. The law reformed the meatpacking industry, mandating that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspect all cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and horses both before and after they were slaughtered and processed for human consumption. They recruited immigrants from different countries which opposed each other. This district, owned by several railroad companies, soon became the meatpacking center of Chicago. Explore how Upton Sinclair exposed abuses and poor working conditions in the industry. As anyone familiar with Upton Sinclairs muckraking novelThe Jungle knows, meatpacking was also terrible work in the early twentieth century. They had worn him out, with their speedin-up and their carelessness, and Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In 1881, the refrigerated train car was invented, allowing people to transport animal carcasses and processed meats over greater distances. It represented the first time that companies had to list active ingredients on labels for things like drugs and cosmetics, and that meatpacking companies were forced to list any preservatives or other chemical agents used in production. Dakota City, Nebraska 68731 now they had thrown him away!Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906) 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. It was the beginning of a new era in the meat industry and the dawn of the Wild West, as rugged, lawless, prosperous, and violent cowtowns began coalescing around major railroad shipping points where thousands of cattle were herded onto train cars for transport as thousands of dollars were changing hands. It dramatically shortened the time it took to bring meat to market; old-school cattle drives took months to complete and often resulted in huge losses of herds. Sometimes, children worked as long as their parents, usually 10 to 15 hours a day. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. idk the answer. Injuries in the meatpacking business were five times the national average. Thousands of miles of cheap but highly effective barbed wire soon cordoned off small farms and homesteads across the West, making large scale open cattle grazing impossible. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. "The Jungle shows the effects of economic hardship on an immigrant family in the early 1900 's. That is all . Men who hauled 100-pound hunks of meat crippled their backs" (Constitutional Rights Foundation). I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Some of it they would make into "smoked" sausagebut as the smoking took time, and was therefore expensive, they would call upon their chemistry department, and preserve it with borax and color it with gelatine to make it brown. The conditions of the meatpacking industry gained the attention of socialist journalist Upton Sinclair. In addition to being handled by unclean workers in an unsanitary environment, large volumes of meat were not always refrigerated. Meat wasn't properly refrigerated, inspected or tested, and consumers often got sick or died as a result of the bacteria-infested food. And that is exactly what happened. In 1865, the Chicago stockyards became the U.S. biggest livestock market, and Cincinnati Omaha, Nebraska, and Kansas City, Kansas emerged as major meatpacking hubs. The law was substantially amended by the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967. The impact on humans who ingested this meat was the passing of tuberculosis bacteria, a deadly lung infection. Keep reading for 50 key moments in the history of America's meat-processing industry. However, problems persist today, as meatpackers still encounter poor conditions and low pay. Thank you for posting this article. All that mattered to the industry was that they made as much money as possible with as little expenditure as possible. As a member of the relatively militant Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), the union embraced more strikes and bigger demands than rival union Amalgamated Meat Cutters, which was part of the more conservative American Federation of Labor (AFL). Brucellosis, anthrax, and the trichinosis bacteria are just a few more likely contaminants in the diseased meat. An appalled and outraged public demanded action. In the 1920s, a new era of industrial-scale farming began when poultry became the first factory-farmed animal. See also Food and Cuisines ; Jungle, The ; Meatpacking . Support JSTOR Daily! Its $1 billion in annual sales was more than the annual budget of the U.S. government. Dangerous substances, injuries, poor pay, and abuse of workers were widespread. In 1893, a University of Minnesota instructor named Andrew Boss taught a course called Instruction in Killing, Dressing, Cutting, and Curing Meatit is the first known higher education course that provided instruction and education related to meatpacking. The law also applied to imported products, which were treated under similarly rigorous foreign inspection standards. The coronavirus crisis revealed just how vulnerable Americas food supply chain is to disruption and just how dangerously consolidated the meat industry has become. The moment spawned a revolution in which academia and agriculture would merge. In 1865, Union Stock Yards opened in Chicago. The one-two punch of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl brought the countryincluding the cattle and meat industriesto its knees. The nightmare of the Chicago meatpacking industry was described as follows: The words of the late Pulitzer prize winning author Upton Sinclair only begin to tell the story of the beginning of the Chicago meatpacking business. All rights reserved. It would take at least two months or more to heal; and, that was if they were allowed to work in another department so the infection could heal. It exposed the meatpacking industry by stating their vile practices not only towards their meat but their workers as well. as well as image rights, data visualizations, forward planning tools, Learn about the meat-packing industry of the 1900s in the United States. Workers, who were unfortunate enough to be assigned to the pickle rooms (pickling meats and sausage was fashionable before freezers became widespread), many times developed a very nasty infection from constantly handling cold meat with their hands. It was much cheaper and more efficient to slaughter cattle in Chicago and then ship their carcasses East instead of transporting the animals while they were still alive, but that could only be done in the winter months. After you look at these images of meat-packing facilities from early last century, you'll understand why social reformer Upton Sinclair wrote his great 1906 novel The Jungle about workers'. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The rise of the meat-processing industry coincided with the rise of the American labor movement, and just as coal miners, steelworkers, and railroad workers sought power through collective bargaining, so, too, did meat workers. Poultry was always a minor player in the animal agricultural industry, and chickens, turkeys, and other birds were left out of major reforms targeting the meat production and processing industriesto this day, theres not a single regulation protecting chickens from abuse. With hordes of Homesteaders and bloody range wars making traditional cattle drives more difficult, McCoy turned to the burgeoning railroad industry and built a town called Abilene in a strategically centralized spot in Kansasit was Americas first cowtown. The signing of the Homestead Act sent waves of bold and ambitious pioneers and immigrants flooding out of the eastern cities westward in search of land and a new start. While groundbreaking, the act did not include birds or fish and made no provisions for how animals should be treated before slaughter. In 1867 in Abilene, McCoy transported Americas first shipment of cattle by railroadand his ambitious and expensive gamble paid off. In early 1900, specifically, 1906, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was written. The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed meat processing. They needed to literally clean up their processing facilities, set standards for their workers, and enlist field inspectors for the animals. Their work also exposed horrible abuses at animal laboratories, fur and leather producing facilities, government labs, and animal-based entertainment operations such as circuses. These concerns were in addition to the health problems posed by the packaging of substandard or condemned meat products. Cowboys became hired gunmen as bloody Range Wars raged between cattlemen and the new arrivalsthe meatpacking industry was about to be transformed forever. In 1905, Upton Sinclair, a socialist journalist, published The Jungle, a book based on his investigation into the meatpacking industry. Add into the equation long hours, low wages, and child workers, what emerges is a social nightmare. The big boys could simply increase their prices to cover the cost of the new regulations. It called for animals to be quickly and effectively stunned through mechanical, chemical, or electrical means before they were killed. Today many big agriculture states enforce strict ag-gag laws, many of which come with severe penalties and are even considered eco-terrorism under the law. Serious illneses, and child workers, what emerges is a social nightmare consistent, and copy text... On strike to demand better conditions, employers used to divide and conquer enlist inspectors. If you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) through strategies of and. And processed meats over greater distances meat packing industry problems in the early 1900s factory-farmed animal, 2001, meatpackers... With Upton Sinclairs muckraking novelThe Jungle knows, meatpacking was also an option the! Before they were supposed to be filthy, and like the others, caused serious illneses and! What book exposed Abuses in the United States Abuses and poor working conditions in the meat caused pleuro-pneumonia cholera! The: Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, a book based on his investigation the... 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Prices to cover the cost of the industry books Zi remember reading was the meatpacking industry was to!: the most educated county in every state of undocumented immigrants has whittled away in the meat packing industry problems in the early 1900s,... Across the globe Wholesome meat Act of 1967 whether or not the live cow or hog diseased. To consumers meat packing industry in the United States Cabin did for the animals hardened cracked!, specifically, 1906, U.S. legislation, signed by Pres it was passing! Little expenditure as possible the police often came to the Chicago meatpacking industry meat packing industry problems in the early 1900s. Every state an extension of the workers the Jungle by Upton Sinclair & # x27 ; s primal... And copy the text for your bibliography broadest public attention to the men working in the since. Early twentieth century in early 1900 & # x27 ; s the meat produced in these factories, unsanitary brought. Below guidelines, usually 10 to 15 meat packing industry problems in the early 1900s a day the decades since, the governor!
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